100 years ago D. Stoner published the first ‘road ecology’ study documenting roadkill on a road trip with his wife across the USA. It is timely to review our understanding of the ecological impacts of transport infrastructure, our efforts to avoid, minimise and mitigate those impacts, assess how effective those strategies are, and to consider directions for the future. In comparative terms and at a global scale, we have acquired vast amounts of data on the primary impacts of roads and vehicles, but much less about railways and trains, and even less about other linear and transport systems, such as transmission lines and pipelines. Efforts to mitigate the main impacts – barrier effects and wildlife-vehicle collisions – is almost ‘business as usual’ in many parts of the world. However, our understanding of the effectiveness of these efforts is less clear. Other impacts, often considered ‘indirect’, are potentially just as significant but rarely comprehensively addressed. This is concerning because the length of transport networks, the number of vehicles and per capita travel continues to grow. Integration of quantitative connectivity assessments in impact assessments is lacking, as are strategic and cumulative impact assessments. Project financing in developing countries needs stronger safeguards, research and monitoring needs more scientific rigour, experiments are urgently required, genuine engagement with indigenous and local people is necessary, and the future must embrace the rapidly evolving world of AI, machine learning and other technology. A large portion of this presentation will focus on the role of developing technological applications.